Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Phosphorus

The industrial preparation of phosphorus is by heating calcium phosphate, obtained from phosphate rock, with sand and coke:

The phosphorus distills out of the furnace and is condensed into a solid or burned to form P₄O₁₀. The preparation of many other phosphorus compounds begins with P₄O₁₀. The acids and phosphates are useful as fertilizers and in the chemical industry. Other uses are in the manufacture of special alloys such as ferrophosphorus and phosphor bronze. Phosphorus is important in making pesticides, matches, and some plastics. Phosphorus is an active nonmetal. In compounds, phosphorus usually occurs in oxidation states of 3−, 3+, and 5+. Phosphorus exhibits oxidation numbers that are unusual for a group 15 element in compounds that contain phosphorus-phosphorus bonds; examples include diphosphorus tetrahydride, H₂P-PH₂, and tetraphosphorus trisulfide, P₄S₃, illustrated in [link].

Phosphorus Oxygen Compounds

Phosphorus forms two common oxides, phosphorus(III) oxide (or tetraphosphorus hexaoxide), P₄O₆, and phosphorus(V) oxide (or tetraphosphorus decaoxide), P₄O₁₀, both shown in [link]. Phosphorus(III) oxide is a white crystalline solid with a garlic-like odor. Its vapor is very poisonous. It oxidizes slowly in air and inflames when heated to 70 °C, forming P₄O₁₀. Phosphorus(III) oxide dissolves slowly in cold water to form phosphorous acid, H₃PO₃.

Phosphorus(V) oxide, P₄O₁₀, is a white powder that is prepared by burning phosphorus in excess oxygen. Its enthalpy of formation is very high (−2984 kJ), and it is quite stable and a very poor oxidizing agent. Dropping P₄O₁₀ into water produces a hissing sound, heat, and orthophosphoric acid:

Because of its great affinity for water, phosphorus(V) oxide is an excellent drying agent for gases and solvents, and for removing water from many compounds.

Phosphorus Halogen Compounds

Phosphorus will react directly with the halogens, forming trihalides, PX₃, and pentahalides, PX₅. The trihalides are much more stable than the corresponding nitrogen trihalides; nitrogen pentahalides do not form because of nitrogen’s inability to form more than four bonds.

The chlorides PCl₃ and PCl₅, both shown in [link], are the most important halides of phosphorus. Phosphorus trichloride is a colorless liquid that is prepared by passing chlorine over molten phosphorus. Phosphorus pentachloride is an off-white solid that is prepared by oxidizing the trichloride with excess chlorine. The pentachloride sublimes when warmed and forms an equilibrium with the trichloride and chlorine when heated.

Like most other nonmetal halides, both phosphorus chlorides react with an excess of water and yield hydrogen chloride and an oxyacid: PCl₃ yields phosphorous acid H₃PO₃ and PCl₅ yields phosphoric acid, H₃PO₄.

The pentahalides of phosphorus are Lewis acids because of the empty valence d orbitals of phosphorus. These compounds readily react with halide ions (Lewis bases) to give the anion

{PX}_{6}^{−} .

Whereas phosphorus pentafluoride is a molecular compound in all states, X-ray studies show that solid phosphorus pentachloride is an ionic compound,

{[PCl}_{4}^{+}] [{PCl}_{6}^{−}],

Key Concepts and Summary

Phosphorus (group 15) commonly exhibits oxidation states of 3− with active metals and of 3+ and 5+ with more electronegative nonmetals. The halogens and oxygen will oxidize phosphorus. The oxides are phosphorus(V) oxide, P₄O₁₀, and phosphorus(III) oxide, P₄O₆. The two common methods for preparing orthophosphoric acid, H₃PO₄, are either the reaction of a phosphate with sulfuric acid or the reaction of water with phosphorus(V) oxide. Orthophosphoric acid is a triprotic acid that forms three types of salts.

Chemistry End of Chapter Exercises

Write the Lewis structure for each of the following. You may wish to review the chapter on chemical bonding and molecular geometry.

(a) PH₃

(b) ${PH}_{4}^{+}$

(d) ${PO}_{4}^{3−}$

(e) PF₅

(a)* * *

This Lewis structure shows a phosphorus atom with a lone pair of electrons single bonded to three hydrogen atoms. ;* * *

(b)* * *

This Lewis structure shows a phosphorus atom single bonded to four hydrogen atoms. The structure is surrounded by brackets and has a superscript positive sign outside the brackets. ;* * *

(c)* * *

This Lewis structure shows two phosphorus atoms, each with a lone pair of electrons, single bonded to one another. Each phosphorus atom is also single bonded to two hydrogen atoms. ;* * *

(d)* * *

This Lewis structure shows a phosphorus atom single bonded to four oxygen atoms, each with three lone pairs of electrons. The structure is surrounded by brackets and has a superscript 3 negative sign outside the brackets. ;* * *

(e)* * *

This Lewis structure shows a phosphorus atom single bonded to five fluorine atoms, each with three lone pairs of electrons.

Describe the molecular structure of each of the following molecules or ions listed. You may wish to review the chapter on chemical bonding and molecular geometry.

(a) PH₃

(b) ${PH}_{4}^{+}$

(d) ${PO}_{4}^{3−}$

Complete and balance each of the following chemical equations. (In some cases, there may be more than one correct answer.)

(a) $P_{4} + Al ⟶$

(b) $P_{4} + Na ⟶$

(d) $P_{4} + {Cl}_{2} ⟶$

(e) $P_{4} + O_{2} ⟶$

(f) $P_{4} O_{6} + O_{2} ⟶$

(a) $P_{4} (s) + 4Al (s) ⟶ 4AlP (s);$

(b) $P_{4} (s) + 12Na (s) ⟶ {4Na}_{3} P (s);$

(d) $P_{4} (s) + {6Cl}_{2} (g) ⟶ {4PCl}_{3} (l)$

or $P_{4} (s) + {10Cl}_{2} (g) ⟶ {4PCl}_{5} (l);$

(e) $P_{4} (s) + {3O}_{2} (g) ⟶ P_{4} O_{6} (s)$

or $P_{4} (s) + {5O}_{2} (g) ⟶ P_{4} O_{10} (s);$

(f) $P_{4} O_{6} (s) + {2O}_{2} (g) ⟶ P_{4} O_{10} (s)$

Describe the hybridization of phosphorus in each of the following compounds: P₄O₁₀, P₄O₆, PH₄I (an ionic compound), PBr₃, H₃PO₄, H₃PO₃, PH₃, and P₂H₄. You may wish to review the chapter on advanced theories of covalent bonding.

What volume of 0.200 M NaOH is necessary to neutralize the solution produced by dissolving 2.00 g of PCl₃ is an excess of water? Note that when H₃PO₃ is titrated under these conditions, only one proton of the acid molecule reacts.

291 mL

Draw the Lewis structures and describe the geometry for the following:

(a) ${PF}_{4}^{+}$

(b) PF₅

(d) POF₃

(a)* * *

This Lewis structure shows a phosphorus atom single bonded to four fluorine atoms, each with three lone pairs of electrons. The structure is surrounded by brackets and has a superscript positive sign outside the brackets. The label, “Tetrahedral,” is written under the structure. ;* * *

(b)* * *

This Lewis structure shows a phosphorus atom single bonded to five fluorine atoms, each with three lone pairs of electrons. The label, “Trigonal bipyramidal,” is written under the structure. ;* * *

(c)* * *

A Lewis structure shows a phosphorus atom single bonded to six fluorine atoms, each with three lone pairs of electrons. The structure is surrounded by brackets and has a superscript negative sign outside the brackets. The label, “Octahedral,” is written under the structure. ;* * *

(d)* * *

This Lewis structure shows a phosphorus atom single bonded to three fluorine atoms, each with three lone pairs of electrons. The phosphorus atom is also double bonded to an oxygen atom with two lone pairs of electrons. The label, “Tetrahedral,” is written under the structure.

Assign an oxidation state to phosphorus in each of the following:

(a) NaH₂PO₃

(b) PF₅

(d) K₃PO₄

(e) Na₃P

(f) Na₄P₂O₇

(a) P = 3+; (b) P = 5+; (c) P = 3+; (d) P = 5+; (e) P = 3−; (f) P = 5+

Phosphoric acid, one of the acids used in some cola drinks, is produced by the reaction of phosphorus(V) oxide, an acidic oxide, with water. Phosphorus(V) oxide is prepared by the combustion of phosphorus.

(a) Write the empirical formula of phosphorus(V) oxide.

(b) What is the molecular formula of phosphorus(V) oxide if the molar mass is about 280.

(d) Determine the mass of phosphorus required to make 1.00 $\times$

10⁴ kg of phosphoric acid, assuming a yield of 98.85%.