Introduction

class="introduction"

Spontaneity
Entropy
The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics
Free Energy

class="key-equations" title="Key-Equations"

class="summary" title="Chapter Summary"

class="exercises" title="Exercises"

class="references" title="References"

A photograph shows an aerial view of buildings, trees and a large area clear of vegetation, above which rises a plume of steam.

Among the many capabilities of chemistry is its ability to predict if a process will occur under specified conditions. Thermodynamics, the study of relationships between the energy and work associated with chemical and physical processes, provides this predictive ability. Previous chapters in this text have described various applications of thermochemistry, an important aspect of thermodynamics concerned with the heat flow accompanying chemical reactions and phase transitions. This chapter will introduce additional thermodynamic concepts, including those that enable the prediction of any chemical or physical changes under a given set of conditions.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

You can also download for free at http://cnx.org/contents/85abf193-2bd2-4908-8563-90b8a7ac8df6@12.1

Attribution:

For questions regarding this license, please contact partners@openstaxcollege.org.
If you use this textbook as a bibliographic reference, then you should cite it as follows: OpenStax College, Chemistry. OpenStax CNX. http://cnx.org/contents/85abf193-2bd2-4908-8563-90b8a7ac8df6@12.1.
If you redistribute this textbook in a print format, then you must include on every physical page the following attribution: "Download for free at http://cnx.org/contents/85abf193-2bd2-4908-8563-90b8a7ac8df6@12.1."
If you redistribute part of this textbook, then you must retain in every digital format page view (including but not limited to EPUB, PDF, and HTML) and on every physical printed page the following attribution: "Download for free at http://cnx.org/contents/85abf193-2bd2-4908-8563-90b8a7ac8df6@12.1."