Change of Variables in Multiple Integrals

Recall from Substitution Rule the method of integration by substitution. When evaluating an integral such as ∫23x(x2−4)5dx,

we substitute u=g(x)=x2−4.

Then du=2xdx

or xdx=12du

and the limits change to u=g(2)=22−4=0

and u=g(3)=9−4=5.

Thus the integral becomes ∫0512u5du

and this integral is much simpler to evaluate. In other words, when solving integration problems, we make appropriate substitutions to obtain an integral that becomes much simpler than the original integral.

We also used this idea when we transformed double integrals in rectangular coordinates to polar coordinates and transformed triple integrals in rectangular coordinates to cylindrical or spherical coordinates to make the computations simpler. More generally,

∫abf(x)dx=∫cdf(g(u))g′(u)du,

Where x=g(u),dx=g′(u)du,

and u=c

and u=d

satisfy c=g(a)

and d=g(b).

A similar result occurs in double integrals when we substitute x=f(r,θ)=rcosθ,

y=g(r,θ)=rsinθ,

and dA=dxdy=rdrdθ.

Then we get

∬Rf(x,y)dA=∬Sf(rcosθ,rsinθ)rdrdθ

where the domain R

is replaced by the domain S

in polar coordinates. Generally, the function that we use to change the variables to make the integration simpler is called a transformation or mapping.

Planar Transformations

A planar transformation T

is a function that transforms a region G

in one plane into a region R

in another plane by a change of variables. Both G

and R

are subsets of R2.

For example, [link] shows a region G

in the uv-plane

transformed into a region R

in the xy-plane

by the change of variables x=g(u,v)

and y=h(u,v),

or sometimes we write x=x(u,v)

and y=y(u,v).

We shall typically assume that each of these functions has continuous first partial derivatives, which means gu,gv,hu,

and hv

exist and are also continuous. The need for this requirement will become clear soon.

On the left-hand side of this figure, there is a region G with point (u, v) given in the Cartesian u v-plane. Then there is an arrow from this graph to the right-hand side of the figure marked with x = g(u, v) and y = h(u, v). On the right-hand side of this figure there is a region R with point (x, y) given in the Cartesian xy- plane.

Definition

A transformation T:G→R,

defined as T(u,v)=(x,y),

is said to be a one-to-one transformation if no two points map to the same image point.

To show that T

is a one-to-one transformation, we assume T(u1,v1)=T(u2,v2)

and show that as a consequence we obtain (u1,v1)=(u2,v2).

If the transformation T

is one-to-one in the domain G,

then the inverse T−1

exists with the domain R

such that T−1∘T

and T∘T−1

are identity functions.

[link] shows the mapping T(u,v)=(x,y)

where x

and y

are related to u

and v

by the equations x=g(u,v)

and y=h(u,v).

The region G

is the domain of T

and the region R

is the range of T,

also known as the image of G

under the transformation T.

Determining How the Transformation Works

Suppose a transformation T

is defined as T(r,θ)=(x,y)

where x=rcosθ,y=rsinθ.

Find the image of the polar rectangle G={(r,θ)\|0<r≤1,0≤θ≤π/2}

in the rθ-plane

to a region R

in the xy-plane.

Show that T

is a one-to-one transformation in G

and find T−1(x,y).

Since r

varies from 0 to 1 in the rθ-plane,

we have a circular disc of radius 0 to 1 in the xy-plane.

Because θ

varies from 0 to π/2

in the rθ-plane,

we end up getting a quarter circle of radius 1

in the first quadrant of the xy-plane

([link]). Hence R

is a quarter circle bounded by x2+y2=1

in the first quadrant.

On the left-hand side of this figure, there is a rectangle G with a marked subrectangle given in the first quadrant of the Cartesian r theta-plane. Then there is an arrow from this graph to the right-hand side of the figure marked with x = r cos theta and y = r sin theta. On the right-hand side of this figure there is a quarter circle R with a marked subannulus (analogous to the rectangle in the other graph) given in the Cartesian x y-plane.

In order to show that T

is a one-to-one transformation, assume T(r1,θ1)=T(r2,θ2)

and show as a consequence that (r1,θ1)=(r2,θ2).

In this case, we have

T(r1,θ1)=T(r2,θ2),(x1,y1)=(x1,y1),(r1cosθ1,r1sinθ1)=(r2cosθ2,r2sinθ2),r1cosθ1=r2cosθ2,r1sinθ1=r2sinθ2.

Dividing, we obtain

r1cosθ1r1sinθ1=r2cosθ2r2sinθ2cosθ1sinθ1=cosθ2sinθ2tanθ1=tanθ2θ1=θ2

since the tangent function is one-one function in the interval 0≤θ≤π/2.

Also, since 0<r≤1,

we have r1=r2,θ1=θ2.

Therefore, (r1,θ1)=(r2,θ2)

and T

is a one-to-one transformation from G

into R.

To find T−1(x,y)

solve for r,θ

in terms of x,y.

We already know that r2=x2+y2

and tanθ=yx.

Thus T−1(x,y)=(r,θ)

is defined as r=x2+y2

and θ=tan−1(yx).

Finding the Image under T

Let the transformation T

be defined by T(u,v)=(x,y)

where x=u2−v2

and y=uv.

Find the image of the triangle in the uv-plane

with vertices (0,0),(0,1),

and (1,1).

The triangle and its image are shown in [link]. To understand how the sides of the triangle transform, call the side that joins (0,0)

and (0,1)

side A,

the side that joins (0,0)

and (1,1)

side B,

and the side that joins (1,1)

and (0,1)

side C.

On the left-hand side of this figure, there is a triangular region given in the Cartesian uv-plane with boundaries A, B, and C represented by the v axis, the line u = v, and the line v = 1, respectively. Then there is an arrow from this graph to the right-hand side of the figure marked with x = u squared minus v squared and y = u v. On the right-hand side of this figure there is a complex region given in the Cartesian x y-plane with boundaries A’, B’, and C’ given by the x axis, y axis, and a line curving from (negative 1, 0) through (0, 1), namely x = y squared minus 1, respectively.

For the side A:u=0,0≤v≤1

transforms to x=−v2,y=0

so this is the side A′

that joins (−1,0)

and (0,0).

For the side B:u=v,0≤u≤1

transforms to x=0,y=u2

so this is the side B′

that joins (0,0)

and (0,1).

For the side C:0≤u≤1,v=1

transforms to x=u2−1,y=u

(hence x=y2−1)

so this is the side C′

that makes the upper half of the parabolic arc joining (−1,0)

and (0,1).

All the points in the entire region of the triangle in the uv-plane

are mapped inside the parabolic region in the xy-plane.

Let a transformation T

be defined as T(u,v)=(x,y)

where x=u+v,y=3v.

Find the image of the rectangle G={(u,v):0≤u≤1,0≤v≤2}

from the uv-plane

after the transformation into a region R

in the xy-plane.

Show that T

is a one-to-one transformation and find T−1(x,y).

T−1(x,y)=(u,v)

where u=3x−y3

and v=y3

Hint

Follow the steps of [link].

Jacobians

Recall that we mentioned near the beginning of this section that each of the component functions must have continuous first partial derivatives, which means that gu,gv,hu,

and hv

exist and are also continuous. A transformation that has this property is called a C1

transformation (here C

denotes continuous). Let T(u,v)=(g(u,v),h(u,v)),

where x=g(u,v)

and y=h(u,v),

be a one-to-one C1

transformation. We want to see how it transforms a small rectangular region S,

Δu

units by Δv

units, in the uv-plane

(see the following figure).

On the left-hand side of this figure, there is a region S with lower right corner point (u sub 0, v sub 0), height Delta v, and length Delta u given in the Cartesian u v-plane. Then there is an arrow from this graph to the right-hand side of the figure marked with T. On the right-hand side of this figure there is a region R with point (x sub 0, y sub 0) given in the Cartesian x y-plane with sides r(u, v sub 0) along the bottom and r(u sub 0, v) along the left.

Since x=g(u,v)

and y=h(u,v),

we have the position vector r(u,v)=g(u,v)i+h(u,v)j

of the image of the point (u,v).

Suppose that (u0,v0)

is the coordinate of the point at the lower left corner that mapped to (x0,y0)=T(u0,v0).

The line v=v0

maps to the image curve with vector function r(u,v0),

and the tangent vector at (x0,y0)

to the image curve is

ru=gu(u0,v0)i+hu(u0,v0)j=∂x∂ui+∂y∂uj.

Similarly, the line u=u0

maps to the image curve with vector function r(u0,v),

and the tangent vector at (x0,y0)

to the image curve is

rv=gv(u0,v0)i+hv(u0,v0)j=∂x∂vi+∂y∂vj.

Now, note that

ru=limΔu→0r(u0+Δu,v0)−r(u0,v0)Δusor(u0+Δu,v0)−r(u0,v0)≈Δuru.

Similarly,

rv=limΔv→0r(u0,v0+Δv)−r(u0,v0)Δvsor(u0,v0+Δv)−r(u0,v0)≈Δvrv.

This allows us to estimate the area ΔA

of the image R

by finding the area of the parallelogram formed by the sides Δvrv

and Δuru.

By using the cross product of these two vectors by adding the kth component as 0,

the area ΔA

of the image R

(refer to The Cross Product) is approximately \|Δuru×Δvrv\|=\|ru×rv\|ΔuΔv.

In determinant form, the cross product is

ru×rv=\|ijk∂x∂u∂y∂u0∂x∂v∂y∂v0\|=\|∂x∂u∂y∂u∂x∂v∂y∂v\|k=(∂x∂u∂y∂v−∂x∂v∂y∂u)k.

Since \|k\|=1,

we have ΔA≈\|ru×rv\|ΔuΔv=(∂x∂u∂y∂v−∂x∂v∂y∂u)ΔuΔv.

Definition

The Jacobian of the C1

transformation T(u,v)=(g(u,v),h(u,v))

is denoted by J(u,v)

and is defined by the 2×2

determinant

J(u,v)=\|∂(x,y)∂(u,v)\|=\|∂x∂u∂y∂u∂x∂v∂y∂v\|=(∂x∂u∂y∂v−∂x∂v∂y∂u).

Using the definition, we have

ΔA≈J(u,v)ΔuΔv=\|∂(x,y)∂(u,v)\|ΔuΔv.

Note that the Jacobian is frequently denoted simply by

J(u,v)=∂(x,y)∂(u,v).

Note also that

\|∂x∂u∂y∂u∂x∂v∂y∂v\|=(∂x∂u∂y∂v−∂x∂v∂y∂u)=\|∂x∂u∂x∂v∂y∂u∂y∂v\|.

Hence the notation J(u,v)=∂(x,y)∂(u,v)

suggests that we can write the Jacobian determinant with partials of x

in the first row and partials of y

in the second row.

Finding the Jacobian

Find the Jacobian of the transformation given in [link].

The transformation in the example is T(r,θ)=(rcosθ,rsinθ)

where x=rcosθ

and y=rsinθ.

Thus the Jacobian is

J(r,θ)=∂(x,y)∂(r,θ)=\|∂x∂r∂x∂θ∂y∂r∂y∂θ\|=\|cosθ−rsinθsinθrcosθ\|=rcos2θ+rsin2θ=r(cos2θ+sin2θ)=r.
Finding the Jacobian

Find the Jacobian of the transformation given in [link].

The transformation in the example is T(u,v)=(u2−v2,uv)

where x=u2−v2

and y=uv.

Thus the Jacobian is

J(u,v)=∂(x,y)∂(u,v)=\|∂x∂u∂x∂v∂y∂u∂y∂v\|=\|2uv−2vu\|=2u2+2v2.

Find the Jacobian of the transformation given in the previous checkpoint: T(u,v)=(u+v,2v).

J(u,v)=∂(x,y)∂(u,v)=\|∂x∂u∂x∂v∂y∂u∂y∂v\|=\|1102\|=2
Hint

Follow the steps in the previous two examples.

Change of Variables for Double Integrals

We have already seen that, under the change of variables T(u,v)=(x,y)

where x=g(u,v)

and y=h(u,v),

a small region ΔA

in the xy-plane

is related to the area formed by the product ΔuΔv

in the uv-plane

by the approximation

ΔA≈J(u,v)Δu,Δv.

Now let’s go back to the definition of double integral for a minute:

∬Rf(x,y)dA=limm,n→∞∑i=1m∑j=1nf(xij,yij)ΔA.

Referring to [link], observe that we divided the region S

in the uv-plane

into small subrectangles Sij

and we let the subrectangles Rij

in the xy-plane

be the images of Sij

under the transformation T(u,v)=(x,y).

On the left-hand side of this figure, there is a rectangle S with an inscribed red oval and a subrectangle with lower right corner point (u sub ij, v sub ij), height Delta v, and length Delta u given in the Cartesian u v-plane. Then there is an arrow from this graph to the right-hand side of the figure marked with T. On the right-hand side of this figure there is a region R with inscribed (deformed) red oval and a subrectangle R sub ij with corner point (x sub ij, y sub ij) given in the Cartesian x y-plane. The subrectangle is blown up and shown with vectors pointing along the edge from the corner point.

Then the double integral becomes

∬Rf(x,y)dA=limm,n→∞∑i=1m∑j=1nf(xij,yij)ΔA=limm,n→∞∑i=1m∑j=1nf(g(uij,vij),h(uij,vij))\|J(uij,vij)\|ΔuΔv.

Notice this is exactly the double Riemann sum for the integral

∬Sf(g(u,v),h(u,v))\|∂(x,y)∂(u,v)\|dudv.
Change of Variables for Double Integrals

Let T(u,v)=(x,y)

where x=g(u,v)

and y=h(u,v)

be a one-to-one C1

transformation, with a nonzero Jacobian on the interior of the region S

in the uv-plane;

it maps S

into the region R

in the xy-plane.

If f

is continuous on R,

then

∬Rf(x,y)dA=∬Sf(g(u,v),h(u,v))\|∂(x,y)∂(u,v)\|dudv.

With this theorem for double integrals, we can change the variables from (x,y)

to (u,v)

in a double integral simply by replacing

dA=dxdy=\|∂(x,y)∂(u,v)\|dudv

when we use the substitutions x=g(u,v)

and y=h(u,v)

and then change the limits of integration accordingly. This change of variables often makes any computations much simpler.

Changing Variables from Rectangular to Polar Coordinates

Consider the integral

∫02∫02x−x2x2+y2dydx.

Use the change of variables x=rcosθ

and y=rsinθ,

and find the resulting integral.

First we need to find the region of integration. This region is bounded below by y=0

and above by y=2x−x2

(see the following figure).

A semicircle in the first quadrant of the xy plane with radius 1 and center (1, 0). The equation for this curve is given as y = the square root of (2x minus x squared)

Squaring and collecting terms, we find that the region is the upper half of the circle x2+y2−2x=0,

that is, y2+(x−1)2=1.

In polar coordinates, the circle is r=2cosθ

so the region of integration in polar coordinates is bounded by 0≤r≤cosθ

and 0≤θ≤π2.

The Jacobian is J(r,θ)=r,

as shown in [link]. Since r≥0,

we have \|J(r,θ)\|=r.

The integrand x2+y2

changes to r

in polar coordinates, so the double iterated integral is

∫02∫02x−x2x2+y2dydx=∫0π/2∫02cosθr\|J(r,θ)\|drdθ=∫0π/2∫02cosθr2drdθ.

Considering the integral ∫01∫01−x2(x2+y2)dydx,

use the change of variables x=rcosθ

and y=rsinθ,

and find the resulting integral.

∫0π/2∫01r3drdθ
Hint

Follow the steps in the previous example.

Notice in the next example that the region over which we are to integrate may suggest a suitable transformation for the integration. This is a common and important situation.

Changing Variables

Consider the integral ∬R(x−y)dydx,

where R

is the parallelogram joining the points (1,2),

(3,4),(4,3),

and (6,5)

([link]). Make appropriate changes of variables, and write the resulting integral.

A parallelogram R with corners (1, 2), (3, 4), (6, 5), and (4, 3).

First, we need to understand the region over which we are to integrate. The sides of the parallelogram are x−y+1=0,x−y−1=0,

x−3y+5=0,andx−3y+9=0

([link]). Another way to look at them is x−y=−1,x−y=1,

x−3y=−5,

and x−3y=9.

Clearly the parallelogram is bounded by the lines y=x+1,y=x−1,y=13(x+5),

and y=13(x+9).

Notice that if we were to make u=x−y

and v=x−3y,

then the limits on the integral would be −1≤u≤1

and −9≤v≤−5.

To solve for x

and y,

we multiply the first equation by 3

and subtract the second equation, 3u−v=(3x−3y)−(x−3y)=2x.

Then we have x=3u−v2.

Moreover, if we simply subtract the second equation from the first, we get u−v=(x−y)−(x−3y)=2y

and y=u−v2.

A parallelogram R with corners (1, 2), (3, 4), (6, 5), and (4, 3) formed by the lines y = x + 1, y = x minus 1, y = (x + 9)/3, and y = (x + 5)/3.

Thus, we can choose the transformation

T(u,v)=(3u−v2,u−v2)

and compute the Jacobian J(u,v).

We have

J(u,v)=∂(x,y)∂(u,v)=\|∂x∂u∂x∂v∂y∂u∂y∂v\|=\|3/2−1/21/2−1/2\|=−34+14=−12.

Therefore, \|J(u,v)\|=12.

Also, the original integrand becomes

x−y=12[3u−v−u+v]=12[3u−u]=12[2u]=u.

Therefore, by the use of the transformation T,

the integral changes to

∬R(x−y)dydx=∫−9−5∫−11J(u,v)ududv=∫−9−5∫−11(12)ududv,

which is much simpler to compute.

Make appropriate changes of variables in the integral ∬R4(x−y)2dydx,

where R

is the trapezoid bounded by the lines x−y=2,x−y=4,x=0,andy=0.

Write the resulting integral.

x=12(v+u)

and y=12(v−u)

and ∫−44∫−224u2(12)dudv.

Hint

Follow the steps in the previous example.

We are ready to give a problem-solving strategy for change of variables.

Problem-Solving Strategy: Change of Variables
  1. Sketch the region given by the problem in the xy-plane

    and then write the equations of the curves that form the boundary.

  2. Depending on the region or the integrand, choose the transformations x=g(u,v)

    and

    y=h(u,v).
  3. Determine the new limits of integration in the uv-plane.
  4. Find the Jacobian J(u,v).
  5. In the integrand, replace the variables to obtain the new integrand.
  6. Replace dydx

    or

    dxdy,

    whichever occurs, by

    J(u,v)dudv.

In the next example, we find a substitution that makes the integrand much simpler to compute.

Evaluating an Integral

Using the change of variables u=x−y

and v=x+y,

evaluate the integral

∬R(x−y)ex2−y2dA,

where R

is the region bounded by the lines x+y=1

and x+y=3

and the curves x2−y2=−1

and x2−y2=1

(see the first region in [link]).

As before, first find the region R

and picture the transformation so it becomes easier to obtain the limits of integration after the transformations are made ([link]).

On the left-hand side of this figure, there is a complex region R in the Cartesian x y-plane bounded by x squared minus y squared = negative 1, x squared minus y squared = 1, x + y = 3, and x + y = 1. Then there is an arrow from this graph to the right-hand side of the figure marked with x = (u + v)/2 and y = (v minus u)/2. On the right-hand side of this figure there is a simpler region S in the Cartesian u v-plane bounded by u v = negative 1, u v = 1, v = 1, and v = 3.

Given u=x−y

and v=x+y,

we have x=u+v2

and y=v−u2

and hence the transformation to use is T(u,v)=(u+v2,v−u2).

The lines x+y=1

and x+y=3

become v=1

and v=3,

respectively. The curves x2−y2=1

and x2−y2=−1

become uv=1

and uv=−1,

respectively.

Thus we can describe the region S

(see the second region [link]) as

S={(u,v)\|1≤v≤3,−1v≤u≤1v}.

The Jacobian for this transformation is

J(u,v)=∂(x,y)∂(u,v)=\|∂x∂u∂x∂v∂y∂u∂y∂v\|=\|1/2−1/21/21/2\|=12.

Therefore, by using the transformation T,

the integral changes to

∬R(x−y)ex2−y2dA=12∫13∫−1/v1/vueuvdudv.

Doing the evaluation, we have

12∫13∫−1/v1/vueuvdudv=43e≈0.490.

Using the substitutions x=v

and y=u+v,

evaluate the integral ∬Rysin(y2−x)dA

where R

is the region bounded by the lines y=x,x=2,andy=0.

12(sin2−2)
Hint

Sketch a picture and find the limits of integration.

Change of Variables for Triple Integrals

Changing variables in triple integrals works in exactly the same way. Cylindrical and spherical coordinate substitutions are special cases of this method, which we demonstrate here.

Suppose that G

is a region in uvw-space

and is mapped to D

in xyz-space

([link]) by a one-to-one C1

transformation T(u,v,w)=(x,y,z)

where x=g(u,v,w),

y=h(u,v,w),

and z=k(u,v,w).

On the left-hand side of this figure, there is a region G in u v w space. Then there is an arrow from this graph to the right-hand side of the figure marked with x = g(u, v, w), y = h(u, v, w), and z = k(u, v, w). On the right-hand side of this figure there is a region D in xyz space.

Then any function F(x,y,z)

defined on D

can be thought of as another function H(u,v,w)

that is defined on G:

F(x,y,z)=F(g(u,v,w),h(u,v,w),k(u,v,w))=H(u,v,w).

Now we need to define the Jacobian for three variables.

Definition

The Jacobian determinant J(u,v,w)

in three variables is defined as follows:

J(u,v,w)=\|∂x∂u∂y∂u∂z∂u∂x∂v∂y∂v∂z∂v∂x∂w∂y∂w∂z∂w\|.

This is also the same as

J(u,v,w)=\|∂x∂u∂x∂v∂x∂w∂y∂u∂y∂v∂y∂w∂z∂u∂z∂v∂z∂w\|.

The Jacobian can also be simply denoted as ∂(x,y,z)∂(u,v,w).

With the transformations and the Jacobian for three variables, we are ready to establish the theorem that describes change of variables for triple integrals.

Change of Variables for Triple Integrals

Let T(u,v,w)=(x,y,z)

where x=g(u,v,w),y=h(u,v,w),

and z=k(u,v,w),

be a one-to-one C1

transformation, with a nonzero Jacobian, that maps the region G

in the uvw-plane

into the region D

in the xyz-plane.

As in the two-dimensional case, if F

is continuous on D,

then

∭RF(x,y,z)dV=∭GF(g(u,v,w),h(u,v,w),k(u,v,w))\|∂(x,y,z)∂(u,v,w)\|dudvdw=∭GH(u,v,w)\|J(u,v,w)\|dudvdw.

Let us now see how changes in triple integrals for cylindrical and spherical coordinates are affected by this theorem. We expect to obtain the same formulas as in Triple Integrals in Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates.

Obtaining Formulas in Triple Integrals for Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates

Derive the formula in triple integrals for

  1. cylindrical and
  2. spherical coordinates.
  1. For cylindrical coordinates, the transformation is T(r,θ,z)=(x,y,z)

    from the Cartesian

    rθz-plane

    to the Cartesian

    xyz-plane

    ([link]). Here

    x=rcosθ, y=rsinθ,

    and

    z=z.

    The Jacobian for the transformation is

    J(r,θ,z)=∂(x,y,z)∂(r,θ,z)=\|∂x∂r∂x∂θ∂x∂z∂y∂r∂y∂θ∂y∂z∂z∂r∂z∂θ∂z∂z\|=\|cosθ−rsinθ0sinθrcosθ0001\|=rcos2θ+rsin2θ=r(cos2θ+sin2θ)=r.

    We know that

    r≥0,

    so

    \|J(r,θ,z)\|=r.

    Then the triple integral is

    ∭Df(x,y,z)dV=∭Gf(rcosθ,rsinθ,z)rdrdθdz.

    On the left-hand side of this figure, there is a cube G with sides parallel to the coordinate axes in cylindrical coordinate space. Then there is an arrow from this graph to the right-hand side of the figure marked with x = r cos theta, y = r sin theta, and z = z. On the right-hand side of this figure there is a region D in x y z space that is a thick annulus. The top is labeled z = constant, the flat vertical side is labeled theta = constant, and the outermost side is labeled r = constant.

  2. For spherical coordinates, the transformation is T(ρ,θ,φ)=(x,y,z)

    from the Cartesian

    pθφ-plane

    to the Cartesian

    xyz-plane

    ([link]). Here

    x=ρsinφcosθ, y=ρsinφsinθ,

    and

    z=ρcosφ.

    The Jacobian for the transformation is

    J(ρ,θ,φ)=∂(x,y,z)∂(ρ,θ,φ)=\|∂x∂ρ∂x∂θ∂x∂φ∂y∂ρ∂y∂θ∂y∂φ∂z∂ρ∂z∂θ∂z∂φ\|=\|sinφcosθ−ρsinφsinθρcosφcosθsinφsinθ−ρsinφcosθρcosφsinθcosθ0−ρsinφ\|.

    Expanding the determinant with respect to the third row:

    =cosφ\|−ρsinφsinθρcosφcosθρsinφsinθρcosφsinθ\|−ρsinφ\|sinφcosθ−ρsinφsinθsinφsinθρsinφcosθ\|=cosφ(−ρ2sinφcosφsin2θ−ρ2sinφcosφcos2θ)−ρsinφ(ρsin2φcos2θ+ρsin2φsin2θ)=−ρ2sinφcos2φ(sin2θ+cos2θ)−ρ2sinφsin2φ(sin2θ+cos2θ)=−ρ2sinφcos2φ−ρ2sinφsin2φ=−ρ2sinφ(cos2φ+sin2φ)=−ρ2sinφ.

    Since

    0≤φ≤π,

    we must have

    sinφ≥0.

    Thus

    \|J(ρ,θ,φ)\|=\|−ρ2sinφ\|=ρ2sinφ.

    On the left-hand side of this figure, there is a cube G with sides parallel to the coordinate axes in rho phi theta space. Then there is an arrow from this graph to the right-hand side of the figure marked with x = rho sin phi cos theta, y = rho sin phi sin theta, and z = rho cos phi. On the right-hand side of this figure there is a region D in xyz space that is a thick annulus and has the point (x, y, z) shown as being equal to (rho, phi, theta). The top is labeled phi = constant, the flat vertical side is labeled theta = constant, and the outermost side is labeled rho = constant.

    Then the triple integral becomes

    ∭Df(x,y,z)dV=∭Gf(ρsinφcosθ,ρsinφsinθ,ρcosφ)ρ2sinφdρdφdθ.

Let’s try another example with a different substitution.

Evaluating a Triple Integral with a Change of Variables

Evaluate the triple integral

∫03∫04∫y/2(y/2)+1(x+z3)dxdydz

in xyz-space

by using the transformation

u=(2x−y)/2,v=y/2,andw=z/3.

Then integrate over an appropriate region in uvw-space.

As before, some kind of sketch of the region G

in xyz-space

over which we have to perform the integration can help identify the region D

in uvw-space

([link]). Clearly G

in xyz-space

is bounded by the planes x=y/2,x=(y/2)+1,y=0,

y=4, z=0,andz=4.

We also know that we have to use u=(2x−y)/2,v=y/2,andw=z/3

for the transformations. We need to solve for x,y,andz.

Here we find that x=u+v,

y=2v,

and z=3w.

Using elementary algebra, we can find the corresponding surfaces for the region G

and the limits of integration in uvw-space.

It is convenient to list these equations in a table.

Equations in xyz

for the region D

Corresponding equations in uvw

for the region G

Limits for the integration in uvw
   
{: valign=”top”} ———-
x=y/2  
u+v=2v/2=v
u=0
   
{: valign=”top”} x=y/2
u+v=(2v/2)+1=v+1
u=1
   
{: valign=”top”} y=0
2v=0
v=0
   
{: valign=”top”} y=4
2v=4
v=2
   
{: valign=”top”} z=0
3w=0
w=0
   
{: valign=”top”} z=3
3w=3
w=1

| {: valign=”top”}{: .unnumbered summary=”This table consists of three columns and seven rows. The first row is a header row and reads Equations in x y z for the region D, Corresponding equations in u v w for the region G, and Limits for the integration in u v w. The first column down reads x = y/2, x = (y/2) + 1, y =, y = 4, z = 0, and z = 3. The second column down reads u + v = 2v/2 = v, u + v = (2v/2) + 1 = v + 1, 2v = 0, 2v = 4, 3w = 0, and 3w = 3. The last column reads u = 0, u =1, v = 0, v = 2, w = 0, and w = 1.” data-label=””}

On the left-hand side of this figure, there is a box G with sides 1, 2, and 1 along the u, v, and w axes, respectively. Then there is an arrow from this graph to the right-hand side of the figure marked with x = u + v, y = 2v, and z = 3w. On the right-hand side of this figure there is a region D in xyz space that is a rotated box with sides 1, 4, and 3 along the x, y, and z axes. The rear plane is marked x = y/2 or y = 2x. The front plane is marked x = y/2 + 1 or y = 2x minus 2.

Now we can calculate the Jacobian for the transformation:

J(u,v,w)=\|∂x∂u∂x∂v∂x∂w∂y∂u∂y∂v∂y∂w∂z∂u∂z∂v∂z∂w\|=\|110020003\|=6.

The function to be integrated becomes

f(x,y,z)=x+z3=u+v+3w3=u+v+w.

We are now ready to put everything together and complete the problem.

∫03∫04∫y/2(y/2)+1(x+z3)dxdydz=∫01∫02∫01(u+v+w)\|J(u,v,w)\|dudvdw=∫01∫02∫01(u+v+w)\|6\|dudvdw=6∫01∫02∫01(u+v+w)dudvdw=6∫01∫02[u22+vu+wu]01dvdw=6∫01∫02(12+v+w)dvdw=6∫01[12v+v22+wv]02dw=6∫01(3+2w)dw=6[3w+w2]01=24.

Let D

be the region in xyz-space

defined by 1≤x≤2,0≤xy≤2,and0≤z≤1.

Evaluate ∭D(x2y+3xyz)dxdydz

by using the transformation u=x,v=xy,

and w=3z.

∫03∫02∫12(v3+vw3u)dudvdw=2+ln8
Hint

Make a table for each surface of the regions and decide on the limits, as shown in the example.

Key Concepts

In the following exercises, the function T:S→R,T(u,v)=(x,y)

on the region S={(u,v)\|0≤u≤1,0≤v≤1}

bounded by the unit square is given, where R⊂R2

is the image of S

under T.

  1. Justify that the function T

    is a

    C1

    transformation.

  2. Find the images of the vertices of the unit square S

    through the function

    T.
  3. Determine the image R

    of the unit square

    S

    and graph it.

x=2u,y=3v
x=u2,y=v3

a. T(u,v)=(g(u,v),h(u,v)),x=g(u,v)=u2

and y=h(u,v)=v3.

The functions g

and h

are continuous and differentiable, and the partial derivatives gu(u,v)=12,

gv(u,v)=0,hu(u,v)=0andhv(u,v)=13

are continuous on S;

b. T(0,0)=(0,0),

T(1,0)=(12,0),T(0,1)=(0,13),

and T(1,1)=(12,13);

c. R

is the rectangle of vertices (0,0),(12,0),(12,13),and(0,13)

in the xy-plane;

the following figure.* * *

A rectangle with one corner at the origin, horizontal length 0.5, and vertical height 0.34.

x=u−v,y=u+v
x=2u−v,y=u+2v

a. T(u,v)=(g(u,v),h(u,v)),x=g(u,v)=2u−v,

and y=h(u,v)=u+2v.

The functions g

and h

are continuous and differentiable, and the partial derivatives gu(u,v)=2,

gv(u,v)=−1, hu(u,v)=1,

and hv(u,v)=2

are continuous on S;

b. T(0,0)=(0,0),

T(1,0)=(2,1), T(0,1)=(−1,2),

and T(1,1)=(1,3);

c. R

is the parallelogram of vertices (0,0),(2,1),(1,3),and(−1,2)

in the xy-plane;

see the following figure.* * *

A square of side length square root of 5 with one corner at the origin and another at (2, 1).

x=u2,y=v2
x=u3,y=v3

a. T(u,v)=(g(u,v),h(u,v)),x=g(u,v)=u3,

and y=h(u,v)=v3.

The functions g

and h

are continuous and differentiable, and the partial derivatives gu(u,v)=3u2,

gv(u,v)=0, hu(u,v)=0,

and hv(u,v)=3v2

are continuous on S;

b. T(0,0)=(0,0),

T(1,0)=(1,0), T(0,1)=(0,1),

and T(1,1)=(1,1);

c. R

is the unit square in the xy-plane;

see the figure in the answer to the previous exercise.

In the following exercises, determine whether the transformations T:S→R

are one-to-one or not.

x=u2,y=v2,whereS

is the rectangle of vertices (−1,0),(1,0),(1,1),and(−1,1).

x=u4,y=u2+v,whereS

is the triangle of vertices (−2,0),(2,0),and(0,2).

T

is not one-to-one: two points of S

have the same image. Indeed, T(−2,0)=T(2,0)=(16,4).

x=2u,y=3v,whereS

is the square of vertices (−1,1),(−1,−1),(1,−1),and(1,1).

T(u,v)=(2u−v,u),

where S

is the triangle of vertices (−1,1),(−1,−1),and(1,−1).

T

is one-to-one: We argue by contradiction. T(u1,v1)=T(u2,v2)

implies 2u1−v1=2u2−v2

and u1=u2.

Thus, u1=u2

and v1=v2.

x=u+v+w,y=u+v,z=w,

where S=R=R3.

x=u2+v+w,y=u2+v,z=w,

where S=R=R3.

T

is not one-to-one: T(1,v,w)=(−1,v,w)

In the following exercises, the transformations T:S→R

are one-to-one. Find their related inverse transformations T−1:R→S.

x=4u,y=5v,

where S=R=R2.

x=u+2v,y=−u+v,

where S=R=R2.

u=x−2y3,v=x+y3
x=e2u+v,y=eu−v,

where S=R2

and R={(x,y)\|x>0,y>0}

x=lnu,y=ln(uv),

where S={(u,v)\|u>0,v>0}

and R=R2.

u=ex,v=e−x+y
x=u+v+w,y=3v,z=2w,

where S=R=R3.

x=u+v,y=v+w,z=u+w,

where S=R=R3.

u=x−y+z2,v=x+y−z2,w=−x+y+z2

In the following exercises, the transformation T:S→R,T(u,v)=(x,y)

and the region R⊂R2

are given. Find the region S⊂R2.

x=au,y=bv,R={(x,y)\|x2+y2≤a2b2},

where a,b>0

x=au,y=bv,R={(x,y)\|x2a2+y2b2≤1},

where a,b>0

S={(u,v)\|u2+v2≤1}
x=ua,y=vb,z=wc, R={(x,y)\|x2+y2+z2≤1},

where a,b,c>0

x=au,y=bv,z=cw,R={(x,y)\|x2a2−y2b2−z2c2≤1,z>0},

where a,b,c>0

R={(u,v,w)\|u2−v2−w2≤1,w>0}

In the following exercises, find the Jacobian J

of the transformation.

x=u+2v,y=−u+v
x=u32,y=vu2
32
x=e2u−v,y=eu+v
x=uev,y=e−v
−1
x=ucos(ev),y=usin(ev)
x=vsin(u2),y=vcos(u2)
2uv
x=ucoshv,y=usinhv,z=w
x=vcosh(1u),y=vsinh(1u),z=u+w2
vu2
x=u+v,y=v+w,z=u
x=u−v,y=u+v,z=u+v+w
2

The triangular region R

with the vertices (0,0),(1,1),and(1,2)

is shown in the following figure.

A triangle with corners at the origin, (1, 1), and (1, 2).

  1. Find a transformation T:S→R, T(u,v)=(x,y)=(au+bv,cu+dv),

    where

    a,b,c,

    and

    d

    are real numbers with

    ad−bc≠0

    such that

    T−1(0,0)=(0,0),T−1(1,1)=(1,0),

    and

    T−1(1,2)=(0,1).
  2. Use the transformation T

    to find the area

    A(R)

    of the region

    R.

The triangular region R

with the vertices (0,0),(2,0),and(1,3)

is shown in the following figure.

A triangle with corners at the origin, (2, 0), and (1, 3).

  1. Find a transformation T:S→R, T(u,v)=(x,y)=(au+bv,cu+dv),

    where

    a,b,c

    and

    d

    are real numbers with

    ad−bc≠0

    such that

    T−1(0,0)=(0,0), T−1(2,0)=(1,0),

    and

    T−1(1,3)=(0,1).
  2. Use the transformation T

    to find the area

    A(R)

    of the region

    R.

a. T(u,v)=(2u+v,3v);

b. The area of R

is* * *

A(R)=∫03∫y/3(6−y)/3dxdy=∫01∫01−u\|∂(x,y)∂(u,v)\|dvdu=∫01∫01−u6dvdu=3.

In the following exercises, use the transformation u=y−x,v=y,

to evaluate the integrals on the parallelogram R

of vertices (0,0),(1,0),(2,1),and(1,1)

shown in the following figure.* * *

A rhombus with corners at the origin, (1, 0), (1, 1), and (2, 1).

∬R(y−x)dA
∬R(y2−xy)dA
−14

In the following exercises, use the transformation y−x=u,x+y=v

to evaluate the integrals on the square R

determined by the lines y=x,y=−x+2,y=x+2,

and y=−x

shown in the following figure.* * *

A square with side lengths square root of 2 rotated 45 degrees with one corner at the origin and another at (1, 1).

∬Rex+ydA
∬Rsin(x−y)dA
−1+cos2

In the following exercises, use the transformation x=u,5y=v

to evaluate the integrals on the region R

bounded by the ellipse x2+25y2=1

shown in the following figure.* * *

An ellipse with center at the origin, major axis 2, and minor 0.4.

∬Rx2+25y2dA
∬R(x2+25y2)2dA
π15

In the following exercises, use the transformation u=x+y,v=x−y

to evaluate the integrals on the trapezoidal region R

determined by the points (1,0),(2,0),(0,2),and(0,1)

shown in the following figure.* * *

A trapezoid with corners at (1, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2), and (2, 0).

∬R(x2−2xy+y2)ex+ydA
∬R(x3+3x2y+3xy2+y3)dA
315

The circular annulus sector R

bounded by the circles 4x2+4y2=1

and 9x2+9y2=64,

the line x=y3,

and the y-axis

is shown in the following figure. Find a transformation T

from a rectangular region S

in the rθ-plane

to the region R

in the xy-plane.

Graph S.

In the first quadrant, a section of an annulus described by an inner radius of 0.5, outer radius slightly more than 2.5, and center the origin. There is a line dividing this annulus that comes from approximately a 30 degree angle. The portion corresponding to 60 degrees is shaded.

The solid R

bounded by the circular cylinder x2+y2=9

and the planes z=0,z=1,

x=0,andy=0

is shown in the following figure. Find a transformation T

from a cylindrical box S

in rθz-space

to the solid R

in xyz-space.

A quarter of a cylinder with height 1 and radius 3. The center axis is the z axis.

T(r,θ,z)=(rcosθ,rsinθ,z);S=[0,3]×[0,π2]×[0,1]

in the rθz-space

Show that ∬Rf(x23+y23)dA=2π15∫01f(ρ)ρdρ,

where f

is a continuous function on [0,1]

and R

is the region bounded by the ellipse 5x2+3y2=15.

Show that ∭Rf(16x2+4y2+z2)dV=π2∫01f(ρ)ρ2dρ,

where f

is a continuous function on [0,1]

and R

is the region bounded by the ellipsoid 16x2+4y2+z2=1.

[T] Find the area of the region bounded by the curves xy=1,xy=3,y=2x,

and y=3x

by using the transformation u=xy

and v=yx.

Use a computer algebra system (CAS) to graph the boundary curves of the region R.

[T] Find the area of the region bounded by the curves x2y=2,x2y=3,y=x,

and y=2x

by using the transformation u=x2y

and v=yx.

Use a CAS to graph the boundary curves of the region R.

The area of R

is 10−46;

the boundary curves of R

are graphed in the following figure.* * *

Four lines are drawn, namely, y = 3, y = 2, y = 3/(x squared), and y = 2/(x squared). The lines y = 3 and y = 2 are parallel to each other. The lines y = 3/(x squared) and y = 2/(x squared) are curves that run somewhat parallel to each other.

Evaluate the triple integral ∫01∫12∫zz+1(y+1)dxdydz

by using the transformation u=x−z,

v=3y,andw=z2.

Evaluate the triple integral ∫02∫46∫3z3z+2(5−4y)dxdzdy

by using the transformation u=x−3z,v=4y,andw=z.

8

A transformation T:R2→R2,T(u,v)=(x,y)

of the form x=au+bv,y=cu+dv,

where a,b,c,andd

are real numbers, is called linear. Show that a linear transformation for which ad−bc≠0

maps parallelograms to parallelograms.

The transformation Tθ:R2→R2,Tθ(u,v)=(x,y),

where x=ucosθ−vsinθ,

y=usinθ+vcosθ,

is called a rotation of angle θ.

Show that the inverse transformation of Tθ

satisfies Tθ−1=T−θ,

where T−θ

is the rotation of angle −θ.

[T] Find the region S

in the uv-plane

whose image through a rotation of angle π4

is the region R

enclosed by the ellipse x2+4y2=1.

Use a CAS to answer the following questions.

  1. Graph the region S.
  2. Evaluate the integral ∬Se−2uvdudv.

    Round your answer to two decimal places.

[T] The transformations Ti:ℝ2→ℝ2,

i=1,…,4,

defined by T1(u,v)=(u,−v),

T2(u,v)=(−u,v),T3(u,v)=(−u,−v),

and T4(u,v)=(v,u)

are called reflections about the x-axis,y-axis,

origin, and the line y=x,

respectively.

  1. Find the image of the region S={(u,v)\|u2+v2−2u−4v+1≤0}

    in the

    xy-plane

    through the transformation

    T1∘T2∘T3∘T4.
  2. Use a CAS to graph R.
  3. Evaluate the integral ∬Ssin(u2)dudv

    by using a CAS. Round your answer to two decimal places.

a. R={(x,y)\|y2+x2−2y−4x+1≤0};

b. R

is graphed in the following figure;* * *

A circle with radius 2 and center (2, 1).

c. 3.16

[T] The transformation Tk,1,1:ℝ3→ℝ3,Tk,1,1(u,v,w)=(x,y,z)

of the form x=ku,

y=v,z=w,

where k≠1

is a positive real number, is called a stretch if k>1

and a compression if 0<k<1

in the x-direction.

Use a CAS to evaluate the integral ∭Se−(4x2+9y2+25z2)dxdydz

on the solid S={(x,y,z)\|4x2+9y2+25z2≤1}

by considering the compression T2,3,5(u,v,w)=(x,y,z)

defined by x=u2,y=v3,

and z=w5.

Round your answer to four decimal places.

[T] The transformation Ta,0:ℝ2→ℝ2,Ta,0(u,v)=(u+av,v),

where a≠0

is a real number, is called a shear in the x-direction.

The transformation, Tb,0:R2→R2,To,b(u,v)=(u,bu+v),

where b≠0

is a real number, is called a shear in the y-direction.

  1. Find transformations T0,2∘T3,0.
  2. Find the image R

    of the trapezoidal region

    S

    bounded by

    u=0,v=0,v=1,

    and

    v=2−u

    through the transformation

    T0,2∘T3,0.
  3. Use a CAS to graph the image R

    in the

    xy-plane.
  4. Find the area of the region R

    by using the area of region

    S.

a. T0,2∘T3,0(u,v)=(u+3v,2u+7v);

b. The image S

is the quadrilateral of vertices (0,0),(3,7),(2,4),and(4,9);

c. S

is graphed in the following figure;* * *

A four-sided figure with points the origin, (2, 4), (4, 9), and (3, 7).

d. 32

Use the transformation, x=au,y=av,z=cw

and spherical coordinates to show that the volume of a region bounded by the spheroid x2+y2a2+z2c2=1

is 4πa2c3.

Find the volume of a football whose shape is a spheroid x2+y2a2+z2c2=1

whose length from tip to tip is 11

inches and circumference at the center is 22

inches. Round your answer to two decimal places.

26623π≃282.45in3

[T] Lamé ovals (or superellipses) are plane curves of equations (xa)n+(yb)n=1,

where a, b, and n are positive real numbers.

  1. Use a CAS to graph the regions R

    bounded by Lamé ovals for

    a=1,b=2,n=4

    and

    n=6,

    respectively.

  2. Find the transformations that map the region R

    bounded by the Lamé oval

    x4+y4=1,

    also called a squircle and graphed in the following figure, into the unit disk.

    A square of side length 2 with rounded corners.

  3. Use a CAS to find an approximation of the area A(R)

    of the region

    R

    bounded by

    x4+y4=1.

    Round your answer to two decimal places.

[T] Lamé ovals have been consistently used by designers and architects. For instance, Gerald Robinson, a Canadian architect, has designed a parking garage in a shopping center in Peterborough, Ontario, in the shape of a superellipse of the equation (xa)n+(yb)n=1

with ab=97

and n=e.

Use a CAS to find an approximation of the area of the parking garage in the case a=900

yards, b=700

yards, and n=2.72

yards.

A(R)≃83,999.2

Chapter Review Exercises

True or False? Justify your answer with a proof or a counterexample.

∫ab∫cdf(x,y)dydx=∫cd∫abf(x,y)dydx

Fubini’s theorem can be extended to three dimensions, as long as f

is continuous in all variables.

True.

The integral ∫02π∫01∫r1dzdrdθ

represents the volume of a right cone.

The Jacobian of the transformation for x=u2−2v,y=3v−2uv

is given by −4u2+6u+4v.

False.

Evaluate the following integrals.

∬R(5x3y2−y2)dA,R={(x,y)\|0≤x≤2,1≤y≤4}
∬Dy3x2+1dA,D={(x,y)\|0≤x≤1,−x≤y≤x}

0

∬Dsin(x2+y2)dA

where D

is a disk of radius 2

centered at the origin

∫01∫y1xyex2dxdy
14
∫−11∫0z∫0x−z6dydxdz
∭R3ydV,

where R={(x,y,z)\|0≤x≤1,0≤y≤x,0≤z≤9−y2}

1.475

∫02∫02π∫r1rdzdθdr
∫02π∫0π/2∫13ρ2sin(φ)dρdφdθ
523π
∫01∫−1−x21−x2∫−1−x2−y21−x2−y2dzdydx

For the following problems, find the specified area or volume.

The area of region enclosed by one petal of r=cos(4θ).

π16

The volume of the solid that lies between the paraboloid z=2x2+2y2

and the plane z=8.

The volume of the solid bounded by the cylinder x2+y2=16

and from z=1

to z+x=2.

93.291

The volume of the intersection between two spheres of radius 1, the top whose center is (0,0,0.25)

and the bottom, which is centered at (0,0,0).

For the following problems, find the center of mass of the region.

ρ(x,y)=xy

on the circle with radius 1

in the first quadrant only.

(815,815)
ρ(x,y)=(y+1)x

in the region bounded by y=ex,

y=0,

and x=1.

ρ(x,y,z)=z

on the inverted cone with radius 2

and height 2.

(0,0,85)

The volume an ice cream cone that is given by the solid above z=(x2+y2)

and below z2+x2+y2=z.

The following problems examine Mount Holly in the state of Michigan. Mount Holly is a landfill that was converted into a ski resort. The shape of Mount Holly can be approximated by a right circular cone of height 1100

ft and radius 6000

ft.

If the compacted trash used to build Mount Holly on average has a density 400lb/ft3,

find the amount of work required to build the mountain.

1.452π×1015

ft-lb

In reality, it is very likely that the trash at the bottom of Mount Holly has become more compacted with all the weight of the above trash. Consider a density function with respect to height: the density at the top of the mountain is still density 400lb/ft3

and the density increases. Every 100

feet deeper, the density doubles. What is the total weight of Mount Holly?

The following problems consider the temperature and density of Earth’s layers.

[T] The temperature of Earth’s layers is exhibited in the table below. Use your calculator to fit a polynomial of degree 3

to the temperature along the radius of the Earth. Then find the average temperature of Earth. (Hint: begin at 0

in the inner core and increase outward toward the surface)

Source: http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/astronomy/planets/earth/Inside.shtml
Layer Depth from center (km) Temperature °C
Rocky Crust 0 to 40 0
Upper Mantle 40 to 150 870
Mantle 400 to 650 870
Inner Mantel 650 to 2700 870
Molten Outer Core 2890 to 5150 4300
Inner Core 5150 to 6378 7200
y=−1.238×10−7x3+0.001196x2−3.666x+7208;

average temperature approximately 2800°C

[T] The density of Earth’s layers is displayed in the table below. Using your calculator or a computer program, find the best-fit quadratic equation to the density. Using this equation, find the total mass of Earth.

Source: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/geophys/earthstruct.html
Layer Depth from center (km) Density (g/cm3)
Inner Core 0 12.95
Outer Core 1228 11.05
Mantle 3488 5.00
Upper Mantle 6338 3.90
Crust 6378 2.55

The following problems concern the Theorem of Pappus (see Moments and Centers of Mass for a refresher), a method for calculating volume using centroids. Assuming a region R,

when you revolve around the x-axis

the volume is given by Vx=2πAy–,

and when you revolve around the y-axis

the volume is given by Vy=2πAx–,

where A

is the area of R.

Consider the region bounded by x2+y2=1

and above y=x+1.

Find the volume when you revolve the region around the x-axis.

π3

Find the volume when you revolve the region around the y-axis.

Glossary

Jacobian
the Jacobian J(u,v)

in two variables is a

2×2

determinant:

J(u,v)=\|∂x∂u∂y∂u∂x∂v∂y∂v\|;

the Jacobian

J(u,v,w)

in three variables is a

3×3

determinant:

J(u,v,w)=\|∂x∂u∂y∂u∂z∂u∂x∂v∂y∂v∂z∂v∂x∂w∂y∂w∂z∂w\|
one-to-one transformation
a transformation T:G→R

defined as

T(u,v)=(x,y)

is said to be one-to-one if no two points map to the same image point

planar transformation
a function T

that transforms a region

G

in one plane into a region

R

in another plane by a change of variables

transformation
a function that transforms a region G

in one plane into a region

R

in another plane by a change of variables

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